Two-Flux Approximation

Leonid A. Dombrovsky

Following from: Differential approximations

The simplest approximation for one-dimensional radiative transfer problems in a plane-parallel layer of absorbing and scattering medium is based on the assumption of isotropic radiation intensity over the forward and backward hemispheres. This model was proposed independently by Schuster (1905) and Schwarzschild (1906), and it is also called the Schuster-Schwarzschild approximation. In this article, we follow the majority of the publications and use the name “two-flux approximation” for this model.

The two-flux approximation is usually used for isotropically scattering media. Of course, one can also consider the case of the transport scattering function. The radiation intensity is expressed in the form

(1)

where z is the coordinate across the layer, 0 < z < d, and θ is the angle measured from the z axis. In the transport approximation, the one-dimensional radiative transfer equation (RTE) can be written as follows:

(2)

In two-flux approximation, the integration over the hemispheres leads to the following coupled ordinary differential equations instead of Eq. (2):

(3a)

(3b)

or

(4a)

(4b)

where

(5)

Obviously, spectral radiation energy density Iλ0 = g0 and spectral radiation flux qλ = -h0/2. Equations (5) and (6) can be written as follows:

(6a)

(6b)

where Dλ = 1/(4βλtr). One can see that the two-flux approximation leads to the typical relations of the diffusion approximation. The boundary conditions for the second-order differential [Eq. (8)] depend on the physical problem statement. Some variants of these conditions will be considered below. In all cases, the solution to the resulting boundary-value problem can be easily obtained even for variable radiative properties of the medium. Obviously, the two-flux approximation can also be employed in one-dimensional problems with axial or spherical symmetry (Rekin, 1978). The equations of two-flux approximation can be formally derived for the arbitrary scattering function, and the resulting formulation will include some characteristics of the scattering function (Brewster and Tien, 1982). However, it does not mean that the complex scattering function can be adequately taken into account in this approach.

In earlier studies by Kubelka and Munk (Kubelka and Munk, 1931; Kubelka, 1948), the phenomenological two-flux model (irrespective of the RTE) has been proposed for analyzing the reflectance and transmittance of paint layers or other scattering coatings. This approach, known as the Kubelka-Munk theory, is almost universally used in the paint industry. The equations of this approximation are usually written in the form:

(7a)

(7b)

where q = I0/2 are the radiation fluxes in the backward and forward hemispheres, and Kλ and Sλ are the coefficients of absorption and backscattering, respectively. One can see that Eqs. (10) and (11) coincide with Eq. (3) in the case of the medium’s own negligible radiation. It is sufficient to assume that Kλ = 2αλ and Sλ = σλtr. The specifics of paint coatings become important when taking into account the light refraction at the coating/air interface (which is the so-called Saunderson correction) (Saunderson, 1942) and possible illumination of the interface by a collimated external radiation. The latter is described by a modified approach known as the four-flux model. According to the four-flux model, two additional collimated components of the radiation are introduced in the forward and backward directions. Both the two-flux (Kubelka-Munk) and four-flux models are widely used in characterizing various paints and thin composite coatings in the visible and infrared spectral ranges. The reader can refer to the optical literature for details on these models and their present-day applications (Fukshansky and Kazarinova, 1980; Hecht, 1983; Maheu et al., 1984; Maheu and Gouesbet, 1986; Nobbs, 1985; Latimer and Noh, 1987; Mandelis and Grossman, 1992; Prishivalko, 1996; Orel et al., 1997; Orel and Gunde, 2001; Vargas and Niklasson, 1997a,b; Vargas et al., 1998, 2000; Vargas, 1998, 1999; Gunde and Orel, 2000; Rozé et al., 2001; Yang, 2003; Limare et al., 2003; Yang and Kruse, 2004; Levinson et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2005; Sokoletsky, 2005; Yang et al., 2005; Erdström, 2007; Hébert et al., 2007; Murphy, 2007). Note that the physical interpretation and accuracy of the Kubelka-Munk theory are also discussed in a recent paper by Kokhanovsky (2007). Additional information on engineering applications of the traditional two-flux method (the Schuster-Schwarzschild approximation) and the use of the same idea for multi-dimensional problems can be found in other works (Siegel and Spuckler, 1994; Spuckler and Siegel, 1996; Dembele et al., 2000; Dubroca and Klar, 2002; Gusarov and Kruth, 2005; Ripoll and Wray, 2005; Dombrovsky et al., 2005, 2006, 2007; Jensen et al., 2007).

REFERENCES

Brewster, M. Q. and Tien, C. L., Examination of the two-flux model for radiative transfer in particular systems, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1905-1907, 1982.

Dembele, S., Wen, J. X., and Sacadura, J.-F., Analysis of the two-flux model for predicting water spray transmittance in fire protection application, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 183-186, 2000.

Dombrovsky, L., Randrianalisoa, J., Baillis, D., and Pilon, L., Use of Mie theory to analyze experimental data to identify infrared properties of fused quartz containing bubbles, Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 33, pp. 7021-7031, 2005.

Dombrovsky, L., Randrianalisoa, J., and Baillis, D., Modified two-flux approximation for identification of radiative properties of absorbing and scattering media from directional-hemispherical measurements, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 91-98, 2006.

Dombrovsky, L. A., Tagne, H. K., Baillis, D., and Gremillard, L., Near-infrared radiative properties of porous zirconia ceramics, Infrared Phys. Technol., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 44-53, 2007.

Dubroca, B. and Klar, A., Half-moment closure for radiative transfer equations, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 584-596, 2002.

Erdström, P., Examination of the revised Kubelka-Munk theory: Considerations of modeling strategies, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 548-556, 2007.

Fukshansky, L. and Kazarinova, N., Extension of the Kubelka-Munk theory of light propagation in intensely scattering materials to fluorescent media, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 1101-1109, 1980.

Gunde, M. K. and Orel, Z. C., Absorption and scattering of light by pigment particles in solar-absorbing paints, Appl. Opt., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 622-628, 2000.

Gusarov, A. V. and Kruth, J.-P., Modelling of radiation transfer in metallic powders at laser treatment, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 48, no. 16, pp. 3423-3434, 2005.

Hébert, M., Hersch, R. D., and Becker, J.-M., Compositional reflectance and transmittance model for multilayer specimens, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2628-2644, 2007.

Hecht, H. G., A Comparison of the Kubelka-Munk, Rozenberg, and Pitts-Giovanelli methods of analysis of diffuse reflectance for several model systems, Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 348-354, 1983.

Jensen, K. A., Ripoll, J.-F., Wray, A. A., Joseph, D., and El Hafi, M., On various modeling approaches to radiative heat transfer in pool fires, Combust. Flame, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 263-279, 2007.

Kokhanovsky, A. A., Physical interpretation and accuracy of the Kubelka-Munk theory, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2210-2216, 2007.

Kubelka, P., New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. Part I, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 448-457, 1948.

Kubelka, P. and Munk, F., Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche, Z. Tech. Phys., vol. 12, pp. 593-601, 1931.

Latimer, P. and Noh, S. J., light propagation in moderately dense particle systems: a reexamination of the Kubelka-Munk theory, Appl. Opt., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 514-523, 1987.

Levinson, R., Berdahl, P., and Akbari, H., Solar spectral optical properties of pigments--Part I: Model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance and reflectance measurements, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 319-349, 2005.

Limare, A., Duvaut, T., Henry, J-F., and Bissieux, C., Non-contact photopyroelectric method applied to thermal and optical characterization of textiles. Four-flux modeling of a scattering sample, Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 951-961, 2003.

Liu, L., Gong, R., Huang, D., Nie, Y., and Liu, C., calculation of emittance of a coating layer with the Kubelka-Munk theory and the Mie-scattering model, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 2424-2429, 2005.

Maheu, B. and Gouesbet, G., Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation: Special cases, Appl. Opt., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1122-1128, 1986.

Maheu, B., Le Toulouzan, J. N., and Gouesbet, G., Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation in terms of Lorenz-Mie parameters, Appl. Opt., vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 3353-3362, 1984.

Mandelis, A. and Grossman, J. P., Perturbation theoretical approach to the generalized Kubelka-Munk problem in nonhomogeneous optical media, Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 737-745, 1992.

Murphy, A. B., Optical properties of an optically rough coating from inversion of diffuse reflectance measurements, Appl. Opt., vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 3133-3143, 2007.

Nobbs, J. H., Kubelka-Munk theory and the prediction of reflectance, Rev. Prog. Color. Relat. Top., vol. 15, pp. 66-75, 1985.

Orel, Z. C. and Gunde, M. K., Spectrally selective paint coatings: Preparation and characterization, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 68, no. 3-4, pp. 337-353, 2001.

Orel, Z. C., Gunde, M. K., and Orel, B., Application of the Kubelka-Munk theory for the determination of the optical properties of solar absorbing paints, Prog. Org. Coat., vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 59-66, 1997.

Prishivalko, A. P., Optimization of the covering power and coloristic properties of pigmented coatings on the basis of a four-flux approximation of radiation transport theory, J. Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 675-683, 1996.

Rekin, A. D., Radiation transfer equation of the Schuster-Schwarzschild approximation for problems with spherical and cylindrical symmetry, High Temp., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 693-699, 1978.

Ripoll, J.-F. and Wray, A. A., A half-moment model for radiative transfer in a 3D gray medium and its reduction to a moment model for hot, opaque sources, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 473-519, 2005.

Rozé, C., Girasole, T., Gréhan, G., Gouesbet, G., and Maheu, B., Average crossing parameter and forward scattering ratio values in four-flux model for multiple scattering media, Opt. Commun., vol. 194, no. 4-6, pp. 251-263, 2001.

Saunderson, J. L., Calculation of the color of pigmented plastics, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 727-736, 1942.

Schuster, A. Radiation through a foggy atmosphere, Astrophys. J., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 1905.

Schwarzschild, K., Über das Gleichgewicht der Sonnenatmosphären (Equilibrium of the sun’s atmosphere), Akad. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. Nachr., vol. 195, pp. 41-53, 1906.

Siegel, R. and Spuckler, C. M., Approximate solution methods for spectral radiative transfer in high refractive index layers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 37, Suppl. 1, pp. 403-413, 1994.

Sokoletsky, L., Comparative analysis of selected radiative transfer approaches for aquatic environments, Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 136-148, 2005.

Spuckler, C. M. and Siegel, R., Two-flux and diffusion methods for radiative transfer in composite layers, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 218-222, 1996.

Vargas, W. E., Generalized four-flux radiative transfer model, Appl. Opt., vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2615-2623, 1998.

Vargas, W. E., Two-flux radiative transfer model under nonisotropic propagating diffuse radiation, Appl. Opt., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1077-1085, 1999.

Vargas, W. E. and Niklasson, G. A., Generalized method for evaluating scattering parameters used in radiative transfer models, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2243-2252, 1997a.

Vargas, W. E. and Niklasson, G. A., Applicability conditions of the Kubelka-Munk theory, Appl. Opt., vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 5580-5586, 1997b.

Vargas, W. E., Lushiku, E. M., Niklasson, G. A., and Nilsson, T. M. J., Light scattering coatings: Theory and solar applications, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 54, no. 14, pp. 343-350, 1998.

Vargas, W. E., Greenwood, P., Otterstedt, J. E., and Niklasson, G. A., Light scattering in pigmented coatings: Experiments and theory, Sol. Energy, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 553-561, 2000.

Yang, L., Characterization of inks and ink application for ink-jet printing: Model and simulation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1149-1154, 2003.

Yang, L. and Kruse, B., Revised Kubelka-Munk theory. I. Theory and application, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1933-1941, 2004.

Yang, L. and Miklavcic, S. J., Revised Kubelka-Munk theory. III. A general theory of light propagation in scattering and absorptive media, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1866-1873, 2005.

Les références

  1. Brewster, M. Q. and Tien, C. L., Examination of the two-flux model for radiative transfer in particular systems, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1905-1907, 1982.
  2. Dembele, S., Wen, J. X., and Sacadura, J.-F., Analysis of the two-flux model for predicting water spray transmittance in fire protection application, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 183-186, 2000.
  3. Dombrovsky, L., Randrianalisoa, J., Baillis, D., and Pilon, L., Use of Mie theory to analyze experimental data to identify infrared properties of fused quartz containing bubbles, Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 33, pp. 7021-7031, 2005.
  4. Dombrovsky, L., Randrianalisoa, J., and Baillis, D., Modified two-flux approximation for identification of radiative properties of absorbing and scattering media from directional-hemispherical measurements, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 91-98, 2006.
  5. Dombrovsky, L. A., Tagne, H. K., Baillis, D., and Gremillard, L., Near-infrared radiative properties of porous zirconia ceramics, Infrared Phys. Technol., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 44-53, 2007.
  6. Dubroca, B. and Klar, A., Half-moment closure for radiative transfer equations, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 584-596, 2002.
  7. Erdström, P., Examination of the revised Kubelka-Munk theory: Considerations of modeling strategies, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 548-556, 2007.
  8. Fukshansky, L. and Kazarinova, N., Extension of the Kubelka-Munk theory of light propagation in intensely scattering materials to fluorescent media, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 1101-1109, 1980.
  9. Gunde, M. K. and Orel, Z. C., Absorption and scattering of light by pigment particles in solar-absorbing paints, Appl. Opt., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 622-628, 2000.
  10. Gusarov, A. V. and Kruth, J.-P., Modelling of radiation transfer in metallic powders at laser treatment, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 48, no. 16, pp. 3423-3434, 2005.
  11. Hébert, M., Hersch, R. D., and Becker, J.-M., Compositional reflectance and transmittance model for multilayer specimens, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2628-2644, 2007.
  12. Hecht, H. G., A Comparison of the Kubelka-Munk, Rozenberg, and Pitts-Giovanelli methods of analysis of diffuse reflectance for several model systems, Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 348-354, 1983.
  13. Jensen, K. A., Ripoll, J.-F., Wray, A. A., Joseph, D., and El Hafi, M., On various modeling approaches to radiative heat transfer in pool fires, Combust. Flame, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 263-279, 2007.
  14. Kokhanovsky, A. A., Physical interpretation and accuracy of the Kubelka-Munk theory, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2210-2216, 2007.
  15. Kubelka, P., New contributions to the optics of intensely light-scattering materials. Part I, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 448-457, 1948.
  16. Kubelka, P. and Munk, F., Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche, Z. Tech. Phys., vol. 12, pp. 593-601, 1931.
  17. Latimer, P. and Noh, S. J., light propagation in moderately dense particle systems: a reexamination of the Kubelka-Munk theory, Appl. Opt., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 514-523, 1987.
  18. Levinson, R., Berdahl, P., and Akbari, H., Solar spectral optical properties of pigments--Part I: Model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance and reflectance measurements, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 319-349, 2005.
  19. Limare, A., Duvaut, T., Henry, J-F., and Bissieux, C., Non-contact photopyroelectric method applied to thermal and optical characterization of textiles. Four-flux modeling of a scattering sample, Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 951-961, 2003.
  20. Liu, L., Gong, R., Huang, D., Nie, Y., and Liu, C., calculation of emittance of a coating layer with the Kubelka-Munk theory and the Mie-scattering model, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 2424-2429, 2005.
  21. Maheu, B. and Gouesbet, G., Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation: Special cases, Appl. Opt., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1122-1128, 1986.
  22. Maheu, B., Le Toulouzan, J. N., and Gouesbet, G., Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation in terms of Lorenz-Mie parameters, Appl. Opt., vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 3353-3362, 1984.
  23. Mandelis, A. and Grossman, J. P., Perturbation theoretical approach to the generalized Kubelka-Munk problem in nonhomogeneous optical media, Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 737-745, 1992.
  24. Murphy, A. B., Optical properties of an optically rough coating from inversion of diffuse reflectance measurements, Appl. Opt., vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 3133-3143, 2007.
  25. Nobbs, J. H., Kubelka-Munk theory and the prediction of reflectance, Rev. Prog. Color. Relat. Top., vol. 15, pp. 66-75, 1985.
  26. Orel, Z. C. and Gunde, M. K., Spectrally selective paint coatings: Preparation and characterization, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 68, no. 3-4, pp. 337-353, 2001.
  27. Orel, Z. C., Gunde, M. K., and Orel, B., Application of the Kubelka-Munk theory for the determination of the optical properties of solar absorbing paints, Prog. Org. Coat., vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 59-66, 1997.
  28. Prishivalko, A. P., Optimization of the covering power and coloristic properties of pigmented coatings on the basis of a four-flux approximation of radiation transport theory, J. Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 675-683, 1996.
  29. Rekin, A. D., Radiation transfer equation of the Schuster-Schwarzschild approximation for problems with spherical and cylindrical symmetry, High Temp., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 693-699, 1978.
  30. Ripoll, J.-F. and Wray, A. A., A half-moment model for radiative transfer in a 3D gray medium and its reduction to a moment model for hot, opaque sources, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 473-519, 2005.
  31. Rozé, C., Girasole, T., Gréhan, G., Gouesbet, G., and Maheu, B., Average crossing parameter and forward scattering ratio values in four-flux model for multiple scattering media, Opt. Commun., vol. 194, no. 4-6, pp. 251-263, 2001.
  32. Saunderson, J. L., Calculation of the color of pigmented plastics, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 727-736, 1942.
  33. Schuster, A. Radiation through a foggy atmosphere, Astrophys. J., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 1905.
  34. Schwarzschild, K., Über das Gleichgewicht der Sonnenatmosphären (Equilibrium of the sun’s atmosphere), Akad. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. Nachr., vol. 195, pp. 41-53, 1906.
  35. Siegel, R. and Spuckler, C. M., Approximate solution methods for spectral radiative transfer in high refractive index layers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 37, Suppl. 1, pp. 403-413, 1994.
  36. Sokoletsky, L., Comparative analysis of selected radiative transfer approaches for aquatic environments, Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 136-148, 2005.
  37. Spuckler, C. M. and Siegel, R., Two-flux and diffusion methods for radiative transfer in composite layers, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 218-222, 1996.
  38. Vargas, W. E., Generalized four-flux radiative transfer model, Appl. Opt., vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2615-2623, 1998.
  39. Vargas, W. E., Two-flux radiative transfer model under nonisotropic propagating diffuse radiation, Appl. Opt., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1077-1085, 1999.
  40. Vargas, W. E. and Niklasson, G. A., Generalized method for evaluating scattering parameters used in radiative transfer models, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2243-2252, 1997a.
  41. Vargas, W. E. and Niklasson, G. A., Applicability conditions of the Kubelka-Munk theory, Appl. Opt., vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 5580-5586, 1997b.
  42. Vargas, W. E., Lushiku, E. M., Niklasson, G. A., and Nilsson, T. M. J., Light scattering coatings: Theory and solar applications, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 54, no. 14, pp. 343-350, 1998.
  43. Vargas, W. E., Greenwood, P., Otterstedt, J. E., and Niklasson, G. A., Light scattering in pigmented coatings: Experiments and theory, Sol. Energy, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 553-561, 2000.
  44. Yang, L., Characterization of inks and ink application for ink-jet printing: Model and simulation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1149-1154, 2003.
  45. Yang, L. and Kruse, B., Revised Kubelka-Munk theory. I. Theory and application, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1933-1941, 2004.
  46. Yang, L. and Miklavcic, S. J., Revised Kubelka-Munk theory. III. A general theory of light propagation in scattering and absorptive media, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1866-1873, 2005.
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